Chicago native James J. Woolley was the touring keyboardist for Nine Inch Nails during the later Pretty Hate Machine tours (most notably Lollapalooza 1991), and toured with them through most of the Self Destruct tour, including their Woodstock performance, before being replaced by Charlie Clouser in December 1994. He left for some family reasons. He spent some time briefly in the studio with Reznor, Chris Vrenna, and Danny Lohner during The Downward Spiral recordings but never had any known contributions that made it to the release.